- Compare with Test automation.
However, and that's for sure - there's a list of tools every QA MUST have installed on its PC, regardless of project types under testing. My area of experience is mostly standalone / complex web apps, that's why my vision on the task is a bit subjective. After completion of qa online course - qa / software testing tools / manual testing certification / qa online certification will be provided; 100% Course Worthy @ qa / software testing tools Online Course; QATRAININGHUB is the Best qa Training Institute. Software Testing Tools Online Training India.
Manual testing is the process of manually testing software for defects. It requires a tester to play the role of an end user whereby they use most of the application's features to ensure correct behavior. To guarantee completeness of testing, the tester often follows a written test plan that leads them through a set of important test cases.
Overview[edit]
A key step in the process is testing the software for correct behavior prior to release to end users.
For small scale engineering efforts (including prototypes), exploratory testing may be sufficient. With this informal approach, the tester does not follow any rigorous testing procedure, but rather explores the user interface of the application using as many of its features as possible, using information gained in prior tests to intuitively derive additional tests. The success of exploratory manual testing relies heavily on the domain expertise of the tester, because a lack of knowledge will lead to incompleteness in testing. One of the key advantages of an informal approach is to gain an intuitive insight to how it feels to use the application.
Large scale engineering projects that rely on manual software testing follow a more rigorous methodology in order to maximize the number of defects that can be found. A systematic approach focuses on predetermined test cases and generally involves the following steps.[1]
- Choose a high level test plan where a general methodology is chosen, and resources such as people, computers, and software licenses are identified and acquired.
- Write detailed test cases, identifying clear and concise steps to be taken by the tester, with expected outcomes.
- Assign the test cases to testers, who manually follow the steps and record the results.
- Author a test report, detailing the findings of the testers. The report is used by managers to determine whether the software can be released, and if not, it is used by engineers to identify and correct the problems.
A rigorous test case based approach is often traditional for large software engineering projects that follow a Waterfall model.[2] However, at least one recent study did not show a dramatic difference in defect detection efficiency between exploratory testing and test case based testing.[3]
Testing can be through black-, white- or grey-box testing. In white-box testing the tester is concerned with the execution of the statements through the source code. In black-box testing the software is run to check for the defects and is less concerned with how the processing of the input is done. Black-box testers do not have access to the source code. Grey-box testing is concerned with running the software while having an understanding of the source code and algorithms.[citation needed]
Static and dynamic testing approach may also be used. Dynamic testing involves running the software. Static testing includes verifying requirements, syntax of code and any other activities that do not include actually running the code of the program.
Testing can be further divided into functional and non-functional testing. In functional testing the tester would check the calculations, any link on the page, or any other field which on given input, output may be expected. Non-functional testing includes testing performance, compatibility and fitness of the system under test, its security and usability among other things.
Stages[edit]
There are several stages. They are:
- Unit Testing
- This initial stage in testing normally carried out by the developer who wrote the code and sometimes by a peer using the white box testing technique.
- Integration Testing
- This stage is carried out in two modes, as a complete package or as an increment to the earlier package. Most of the time black box testing technique is used. However, sometimes a combination of Black and White box testing is also used in this stage.
- System Testing
- In this stage the software is tested from all possible dimensions for all intended purposes and platforms. In this stage Black box testing technique is normally used.
- User Acceptance Testing
- This testing stage carried out in order to get customer sign-off of finished product. A 'pass' in this stage also ensures that the customer has accepted the software and is ready for their use.
- Release or Deployment Testing
- Onsite team will go to customer site to install the system in customer configured environment and will check for the following points:
- Whether SetUp.exe is running or not.
- There are easy screens during installation
- How much space is occupied by system on HDD
- Is the system completely uninstalled when opted to uninstall from the system.
Comparison to automated testing[edit]
Test automation may be able to reduce or eliminate the cost of actual testing. A computer can follow a rote sequence of steps more quickly than a person, and it can run the tests overnight to present the results in the morning. However, the labor that is saved in actual testing must be spent instead authoring the test program. Depending on the type of application to be tested, and the automation tools that are chosen, this may require more labor than a manual approach. In addition, some testing tools present a very large amount of data, potentially creating a time consuming task of interpreting the results.
Things such as device drivers and software libraries must be tested using test programs. In addition, testing of large numbers of users (performance testing and load testing) is typically simulated in software rather than performed in practice.
Conversely, graphical user interfaces whose layout changes frequently are very difficult to test automatically. There are test frameworks that can be used for regression testing of user interfaces. They rely on recording of sequences of keystrokes and mouse gestures, then playing them back and observing that the user interface responds in the same way every time. Unfortunately, these recordings may not work properly when a button is moved or relabeled in a subsequent release. An automatic regression test may also be fooled if the program output varies significantly.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ANSI/IEEE 829-1983 IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation
- ^Craig, Rick David; Stefan P. Jaskiel (2002). Systematic Software Testing. Artech House. p. 7. ISBN1-58053-508-9.
- ^Itkonen, Juha; Mika V. Mäntylä; Casper Lassenius (2007). 'Defect Detection Efficiency: Test Case Based vs. Exploratory Testing'(PDF). First International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement. Archived from the original(PDF) on October 13, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
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What is Manual testing?
Manual Testing is a type of Software Testing where Testers manually execute test cases without using any automation tools. Manual Testing is the most primitive of all testing types and helps find bugs in the software system.
Any new application must be manually tested before its testing can be automated. Manual Testing requires more effort but is necessary to check automation feasibility.
Manual Testing does not require knowledge of any testing tool.
One of the Software Testing Fundamental is '100% Automation is not possible'.
This makes Manual Testing imperative.
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Goal of Manual Testing
The key concept of manual testing is to ensure that the application is error free and it is working in conformance to the specified functional requirements.
Test Suites or cases, are designed during the testing phase and should have 100% test coverage.
It also makes sure that reported defects are fixed by developers and re-testing has been performed by testers on the fixed defects.
Basically, this testing checks the quality of the system and delivers bug-free product to the customer.
Types of Manual Testing:
Below given diagram depicts Manual Testing Types. In fact, any type of software testing type can be executed both manually as well using an automation tool.
- Black Box Testing
- White Box Testing
- Unit Testing
- System Testing
- Integration Testing
- Acceptance Testing
![Manual Manual](/uploads/1/2/4/8/124865461/237547335.png)
How to perform Manual Testing
- Read and understand the software project documentation/guides. Also, study the Application Under Test (AUT) if available.
- Draft Test cases that cover all the requirements mentioned in the documentation.
- Review and baseline the test cases with Team Lead, Client (as applicable)
- Execute the test cases on the AUT
- Report bugs.
- Once bugs are fixed, again execute the failing test cases to verify they pass.
Myths of Manual Testing
Following are few common myths and facts related to testing:
Myth: Anyone can do manual testing
Fact: Testing requires many skill sets
Myth: Testing ensures 100% Defect free product
Fact: Testing attempts to find as many defects as possible. Identifying all possible defects is impossible.
Myth: Automated testing is more powerful than manual testing
Fact: 100% test automation cannot be done. Manual Testing is also essential.
Myth: Testing is easy
Fact: Testing can be extremely challenging. Testing an application for possible use cases with minimum test cases requires high analytical skills.
Manual Qa Testing Tools
Manual Testing vs Automation Testing
Manual Testing | Automated Testing |
---|---|
Manual testing requires human intervention for test execution. | Automation Testing is use of tools to execute test cases |
Manual testing will require skilled labour, long time & will imply high costs. | Automation Testing saves time, cost and manpower. Once recorded, it's easier to run an automated test suite |
Any type of application can be tested manually, certain testing types like ad-hoc and monkey testing are more suited for manual execution. | Automated testing is recommended only for stable systems and is mostly used for Regression Testing |
Manual testing can become repetitive and boring. | The boring part of executing same test cases time and again is handled by automation software in Automation Testing. |
Tools to Automate Manual Testing
Conclusion
Qa Testing Tools Training
Manual testing is an activity where the tester needs to be very patient, creative & open minded.
Qa Testing
They need to think and act with an End User perspective.